Does Frustration Lead to Violence? Evidence from the Swedish Hooligan Scene
利用瑞典足球流氓暴力行为的独特数据，检验挫折-攻击假说，发现球队表现不佳导致的挫折感确实会引发更多支持者的暴力行为，联赛排名每下降一位，暴力行为增加约5%。
Sport-related violence is widespread. Yet, there is a poor understanding of what factors trigger hooligans to become unruly. In this paper I test the so called frustration-aggression hypothesis, which holds that thwarted expectations from a reference point tend to lead to violent behavior. I use unique data on hooligan violence in Sweden. I find that frustration, generated by a team's bad performance, indeed leads to unruly supporter behavior. A one-position drop in the soccer league leads to approximately 5 percent more unruly behavior by the team's supporters. The analysis helps policy makers in their endeavors to reduce group-related violence.