A Theory of Collective Reputations (with Applications to the Persistence of Corruption and to Firm Quality)
首次将集体声誉建模为个体声誉的加总，分析个体与集体声誉的联合动态，解释刻板印象如何源于历史依赖，并应用于企业质量声誉的维持。
The paper is a first attempt at modelling the idea of group reputation as an aggregate of individual reputations. A member's current incentives are affected by his past behaviour and, because his track record is observed only with noise, by the group's past behaviour as well. The paper thus studies the joint dynamics of individual and collective reputations and derives the existence of stereotypes from history dependence rather than from a multiplicity of equilibria or from the existence of a common trait as is usually done in the literature. It shows that new members of an organization may suffer from an original sin of their elders long after the latter are gone, and it derives necessary and sufficient conditions under which group reputations can be rebuilt. Last, the paper applies the theory to analyse when a large firm can maintain a reputation for quality.