Household Responses to Increased Water Rates during the California Drought
利用1982-1992年加州阿拉米达县599户家庭的抄表数据，研究家庭对阶梯水价上涨的用水反应，发现固定效应模型效果不佳，而考虑费率结构的最大似然模型给出了合理估计。
This paper explores the use of fixed effects and maximum likelihood techniques to estimate household responses to water price increases during the California drought. Estimates are based on bimonthly meter readings from 599 single-family households in the Alameda County Water District over the period 1982-1992, before and after the introduction of a steeply increasing block rate price structure. I find that household and monthly fixed effects models are not successful in modeling water demand with these data. However, maximum likelihood models that explicitly consider the household's response to the rate structure result in plausible estimates of water demand.