Cross-subsidization, Incentives, and Outcomes in Professional Team Sports Leagues
分析了职业体育联盟作为卡特尔的管理激励与结果，发现除收入分享和工资帽外，联盟管理措施不影响竞争平衡，但影响强弱球队的盈利能力。
Professional team sports leagues provide insight into the problems facing the management of functioning cartels. This paper provides an analysis of the incentives and outcomes inherent in the management of professional team sports cartels. Except for revenue sharing and salary caps, league cartel management outcomes are consistent with league-wide revenue maximization and have no impact on competitive balance. However, there are predictable impacts on the profitability of strong- and weak-drawing teams within the league. While providing an analytical review of the literature, the work here also yields new results concerning salary caps, local TV revenue sharing, and the behavior of cartel managers in the face of rival leagues.