Welfare Policy in the Presence of Unionised Labour and Internationally Mobile Firms*
研究了福利国家如何加剧离岸外包导致的失业，发现经济一体化促使工资调整，而再分配水平影响工会的工资节制意愿，存在一个再分配上限。
Abstract To what extent does the welfare state exacerbate the loss of jobs due to offshoring? We consider a model with oligopolistic sectors that are exposed to offshoring, as well as a unionised labour force that is entitled to unemployment benefits. We find that deeper economic integration induces wage moderation to the point that wages become independent of workers' outside options. Because the entire incidence of redistribution falls on net wages, the unions' willingness to moderate wages is constrained by the level of redistribution. Beyond an upper limit of redistribution, extending the welfare state compels unions to oppose wage moderation at the cost of losing jobs to offshoring. Below that upper limit, however, redistribution becomes less rather than more distortive.