Eco-Labels and International Trade in Textiles
用垂直质量差异化模型分析生态标签对纺织品贸易和福利的影响，发现北方单独贴标损害传统纺织品生产者，而南方参与贴标可恢复市场份额但牺牲传统部门，消费者偏好北方高质量标准的国际协调。
This paper provides a formal analysis of the welfare and trade implications of eco-labeling schemes. A simple model of vertical (quality) differentiation captures major stylized features of the textiles market in which trading takes place between an industrialized North (domestic) and a developing South (foreign). The paper investigates several labeling scenarios (labeling by North, labeling by both North and South, and harmonization). A labeling scheme in the North without the South's participation is detrimental to both the North's and the South's producers of conventional textiles. In aggregate, the North's textiles industry benefits from the introduction of the label. If the South creates its own label, it regains market share in aggregate, but at the cost of its conventional textiles sector; both of North's industries lose. Consumers gain with a wider choice and with higher quality of textile goods. They would favor upward international harmonization of eco-labels towards the higher quality of the North, as long as the South participates in production and provides some cost discipline.