THE THEORY AND ESTIMATION OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL WELFARE MEASURES
指出消费者剩余作为个体福利测度存在严格假设和忽视分配问题，但近年估计技术已能较好近似正确测度；同时讨论社会福利测度中的伦理与分配判断，并提出货币度量指标作为替代方案。
Abstract. The most widespread measure of individual welfare is consumer surplus ( cs ). If consumer surplus is to represent underlying preferences, very restrictive assumptions must be imposed and, worse, the resulting measures completely ignore distributional issues. Applied economists often argue that consumer surplus is a good approximation to the theoretically correct measures and the only feasible choice in practice. This is no longer true; recent advances in estimation techniques have made it possible to determine the approximate values of the correct measures quite satisfactorily. The theory and estimation of social welfare measures automatically involves ethical and distributional judgements. Often, these are difficult to incorporate in intuitive summary indicators that are easy to estimate. A range of money metric measures is presented that provide a more desirable, albeit still problematic alternative. Subject to severe data limitations, the theoretically correct welfare measures can be estimated for a wide range of modelling situations using parametric and nonparametric techniques.