The Pricing of Physicians' Services
构建了一个医生服务定价模型，假设各医学专科如同卡特尔一样定价，并得出外科医生过剩的结论，提供了实证检验。
This paper provides a model of the pricing of a physician's output. Each medical specialty behaves as a cartel, choosing prices which maximize profits for a representative practitioner. Two assumptions distinguish the model from previous work, and generate key results: (1) Within specialties, all activities have the same price per unit of physician's time. (2) For physicians, there are no artificial barriers to entry into specialty practice. The model implies a surplus of surgeons, an outcome which has been observed in the medical literature. Additional empirical tests are provided.