Unions, Wages, and Skills
研究发现，在适当控制工人个体技能后，工会对不同技能群体的工资溢价差异消失；高技能工会工人实际未观测技能较低，技能同质化源于雇主和员工的分类选择。
Studies uniformly conclude that union wage effects are largest for workers with low measured skills. Longitudinal analysis using 1989/90-1994/95 CPS matched panels produces union premium estimates equivalent across skill groups, following appropriate sample restrictions and control for worker- specific skills. NLSY evidence on aptitude scores confirms that union workers with high measured skills have relatively low unmeasured skills. Differential selection by skill class and skill homogeneity in union workplaces result from employer and employee sorting in response to wage standardization, union organizing where skills are homogeneous, and unionized employers' reluctance to hire the most as well as least able workers.