Segmented Labor Markets in LDCs
分析发展中国家城市低技能劳动力市场如何形成高工资部门，指出工资差异更多是收入分配问题而非效率扭曲，并强调自雇部门对低收入群体收入分配的关键作用。
This discussion is confined to the urban labor markets in developing countries and to manual workers. It outlines the process by which the urban market for workers of low skill tends to develop a sector of high wage, often accompanied by job security and fringe benefits unavailable to the large number of workers outside this sector. It views the problem of large wage differentials within the urban manual work force more as one of distribution of income than as creating distortions of income or inefficiency in the neoclassical sense. The paper concludes that the difference in efficiency wages, and hence of labor costs, between different size classes of enteprises could be much less than the observed wage gap. The urban economy appears to be characterized by widening wage differentials between the formal and the residual sectors with a declining proportion of the urban labor force employed in the former. What happens to income distribution in its lower reaches depends crucially on the dynamism of the self-employed sector of petty producers and traders, which often shows high returns to small doses of capital and entrepreneurship, and which may provide an alternative to job seekers not able to get into the high-wage sector.