The Prisoners' Dilemma in the Invisible Hand: An Analysis of Intrafirm Productivity
把企业生产率看作囚徒困境问题，说明惯例通常不是最优解，需要外部冲击才能从一种非最优解转向另一种，无形之手并不保证帕累托最优。
This paper attempts to show that it is useful to view productivity as a prisoners' dilemma problem, that conventions are alternative solutions to the prisoners' dilemma, that effort conventions are usually nonoptimal, and that a shock is necessary in order to shift from one nonoptimal solution to another. Within this framework the invisible hand does not produce a Pareto optimal result. It is consistent with any number of nonoptimal effort conventions.