Tying Trade Flows: A Theory of Countertrade with Evidence
论证反向贸易（将出口与进口捆绑）在某些情况下能提高效率，解决道德风险问题并恢复高负债国家的信用，并用230个反向贸易合同检验了模型。
A countertrade contract ties an export to an import. Usually, countertrade is criticized as a form of bilateralism and reciprocity and, thus, as an inefficient form of international exchange. In this paper, the authors argue that there are circumstances in which the tying of two technologically unrelated trade flows may be efficiency-enhancing. They show that countertrade can be an efficient institution in international trade that solves moral-hazard problems and restores creditworthiness of highly indebted countries. The authors test the implications of their model using a sample of 230 countertrade contracts. Copyright 1995 by American Economic Association.