Labor Market Effects of Language Enclaves: Hispanic Men in the United States
构建模型分析西班牙语聚居区如何影响英语技能回报，发现大聚居区为英语能力不足者提供更好工作，降低英语回报，并用1980年美国人口普查数据验证了理论预测。
In a model of a labor market with enclaves of Spanish speakers, a large enclave provides better jobs for persons lacking skills in English. Consequently, the larger enclave lowers earnings returns to English. Returns to English also vary with the distribution of English skills among Spanish-speaking workers. Returns to English rise if the distribution becomes skewed toward less proficiency in English and fall if it becomes skewed toward more proficiency in English. The model has broad implications for the consequences of enclaves. The model is tested with an application to Hispanic men in the United States using the 1980 Census of Population. Empirical results are consistent with theoretical predictions: enclaves do reduce the earnings losses associated with limited English skills for Hispanic men, and increasing the fraction of Hispanic men who speak English only does lower the returns to English.