Envy and Habits: Panel Data Estimates of Interdependent Preferences
利用消费选择数据估计偏好相互依赖的重要性，发现消费服务中约三分之二来自相对消费（嫉妒和习惯），其中三分之一来自参照群体消费，三分之一来自自身过去消费。
We estimate the importance of preference interdependence from consumption choices. Our strategy follows the literature that tests the constraints imposed by optimality on the evolution of individual consumption. The introduction of habits and envy places additional restrictions on the evolution of the optimal consumption path. We use a unique data set to test these restrictions. Our estimates suggest that, if one defines utility over consumption services, a large fraction of these services is relative, with one third of the weight placed in the consumption of the reference group and another third placed in the agent's past consumption.