Convergence and Modernisation
利用1960年以来的跨国面板数据，估计GDP年趋同率为1.7%，结合1870年以来的数据得出约2%的条件趋同率；同时发现GDP和教育对法治与民主有正向影响，支持现代化假说。
In a country panel since 1960, the estimated annual convergence rate for GDP is 1.7%, conditional on time‐varying explanatory variables. With country fixed effects, the estimated convergence rate is misleadingly high. With data starting in 1870, country fixed effects are reasonable and the estimated convergence rate is 2.6%. Combining the two estimates suggests conditional convergence close to the ‘iron‐law’ rate of 2%. With post‐1960 data, estimation without country fixed effects reveals positive effects of GDP and schooling on law and order and democracy – consistent with the modernisation hypothesis. With post‐1870 data, estimation without or with country fixed effects indicates modernisation.