Voluntary Eco-Labeling and the Price Premium
用微观经济学分析自愿生态标签是否必然导致竞争性行业利润下降及产品价格差异，以木制品为例指出特定条件下企业可能亏损且价格可能趋同。
<i>International environmental organizations propose voluntary eco-labeling as a market incentive to promote industry to operate in an ecologically sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. A microeconomic analysis questions whether voluntary eco-labeling will cause producer profits in a competitive industry to decline and whether eco-labeling will necessarily generate different prices for labeled and unlabeled product. Using wood product as an example, results identify conditions that may exist when firms lose profits, even under a voluntary system, and where existing production constraints may lead to a single price, regardless of labeling.</i>