Changing Incentives of the Chinese Bureaucracy
认为中国政府推动经济发展的热情源于官僚体系内部改革，包括强制退休、财政分权以及允许官员下海经商，这些变化在不进行政治自由化的前提下改变了官员激励。
It has been increasingly recognized that the Chinese goverm-nent's newly acquired enthusiasm for economic development is a major factor explaining the relative success of China's transition from socialism. This paper argues that the changed behavior of the Chinese government is an outcome of a series of reforms of the bureaucracy. The bureaucracy was transformed from inside through a massive mandatory retirement program and a drive for administrative/fiscal decentralization. It was also changed from outside since many bureaucrats can quit government positions and join businesses. China's unique approach to reform bureaucracy without explicit political liberalization is predetermined by its initial conditions of transition.