ADVANCES IN LOGISTICS AND THE GROWTH OF INTRA‐FIRM TRADE: THE CASE OF CANADIAN AFFILIATES OF U.S. MULTINATIONALS, 1984–1995*
研究了1984-1995年间美国跨国母公司与其加拿大子公司之间中间品贸易翻倍的现象，发现改进的物流管理实践（如准时制生产）比关税和运输成本下降更能解释这一增长。
Intra‐firm trade in intermediates between U.S. multinational parents (MNCs) and their Canadian manufacturing affiliates increased dramatically in the 1984–1995 period (i.e., it roughly doubled). Tariff and transport cost declines were far too small to explain this phenomenon. But we show that the advent of improved logistics management practices, including the ‘just‐in‐time’ (JIT) production system, can explain much of the growth of intra‐firm trade. JIT lowers the inventory carrying cost component of intra‐firm trade, and, by 1984, this was more important than tariff and transport costs in many industries. We combine regression analysis with numerous case studies to draw our conclusions.