The Olympic Effect
研究发现举办奥运会等大型活动能显著提升主办国的出口，且申办行为本身（即使未成功）也有类似效果，表明出口增长源于国家发出的信号而非实际举办活动。
Why should countries offer to host costly 'mega‐events' such as the Olympic Games? We show that hosting a mega‐event increases exports. This effect is statistically robust, permanent and large; trade is over 20% higher for host countries. Interestingly, unsuccessful bids to host the Olympics have a similar impact on exports. We conclude that the Olympic effect on trade is attributable to the signal a country sends when bidding to host the games, rather than the act of actually holding a mega‐event. We develop an appropriate formal model and derive conditions under which liberalising countries will signal through a mega‐event bid.