Falling Through the Cracks? Grade Retention and School Dropout among Children of Likely Unauthorized Immigrants
研究了美国加强内部移民执法对可能无证移民子女留级和辍学概率的影响，发现执法力度增加使6-13岁儿童留级概率提高6%，辍学概率提高25.2%。
We evaluate how intensified interior immigration enforcement impacts the likelihood that children of unauthorized immigrants will repeat a grade or drop out of school. Using a weighted index of the intensity of interior immigration enforcement at the MSA level, we find that increased enforcement has the largest impact on younger children ages 6 to 13. The estimates, which account for the non-random residential location of children and their families, reveal that increased enforcement raises young children's probability of repeating a grade by 6 percent and their likelihood of dropping out of school by 25.2 percent.