Short Criminals: Stature and Crime in Early America
研究了19世纪美国宾夕法尼亚州监狱囚犯的身高与首次犯罪年龄的关系，发现身高较矮的囚犯更早开始犯罪，这可能与矮个子在合法劳动力市场面临更少机会有关。
We consider the extent to which an individual’s height affected the age at which he entered into criminal activity in early America. Using data on prisoners incarcerated in Pennsylvania’s nineteenth-century prisons, we show that prisoners were short relative to the contemporary population. Then, using Weibull continuous-time duration econometric models, we show that age at entry into criminal activity was negatively associated with an individual’s height after controlling for several individual characteristics. The results are consistent with recent research showing that shorter individuals face less attractive legitimate labor market opportunities because lower stature is associated with lower cognitive ability and because of general discrimination against shorter people.