RETAIL AMENITIES AND URBAN SPRAWL
研究了城市中本地零售市场与人口密度的相互作用，发现城市蔓延的福利成本不仅来自交通拥堵或环境外部性，还因失去零售集聚经济而增加。
ABSTRACT This paper examines the interaction between local retail markets and population density in cities. We demonstrate that welfare costs of urban sprawl need not come only from road congestion or environmental externalities, as often suggested in the literature. A city also forgoes potential agglomeration economies in retail when it settles into a spatially sprawling equilibrium. Our theory predicts an additional spatial equilibrium where the city is inefficiently dense, characterized by strong retail agglomeration economies within the core.