The management of common property resources: collective action as an alternative to privatisation or state regulation
分析了村民在面临公地悲剧时自发组织规则系统进行合作的可能性，指出悲观论调的分析基础薄弱，并提出了影响集体行动成功的关键因素。
When will villagers cooperate to supply themselves with goods and services that they all need but could not provide for thems elves individually? When will those who face a potential "tragedy of the commons" organize a system of rules by which the tragedy is averted? Many writers are pessimistic about the chances of such coop eration, some favoring privatization, others favoring state control. This paper shows that the analytical basis for this pessimism is weak in many situations of village-based common property resource use. It then suggests a number of factors on which the chances of successful collective action depend. Copyright 1987 by Oxford University Press.