Small Farmers, NGOs, and a Walmart World: Welfare Effects of Supermarkets Operating in Nicaragua
研究了2000-2008年尼加拉瓜超市供应链的地理布局，通过双重差分法估计小农户参与超市供货对家庭福利的影响，发现参与能增加生产性资产，但只有地理和水资源条件好的农户才能参与。
Despite more than a decade of NGO and government activities promoting developing world farmer participation in high‐value agricultural markets, evidence regarding the household welfare effects of such initiatives is limited. This article analyzes the geographic placement of supermarket supply chains in Nicaragua between 2000 and 2008 and uses a difference‐in‐differences specification on measures of supplier and nonsupplier assets to estimate the welfare effects of small farmer participation. Though results indicate that selling to supermarkets increases household productive asset holdings, they also suggest that only farmers with advantageous endowments of geography and water are likely to participate.