Specialization across varieties and North-South competition
利用按单位价值细分贸易流的新数据库，发现南北竞争中的质量专业化差异：南方未在高价值贸易中获取市场份额，而欧洲的专业化模式使其更能抵御南方竞争。
Analyzing a new database that makes it possible to disaggregate trade flows across many countries according to unit values, we show that international specialization in terms of quality within industries and product categories plays an important role in the dynamics of North–South competition. The different specialization of countries at different levels of development within products and across varieties is mirrored in the recent shifts in world market shares, which are very different across quality segments: the South is not gaining market share in high-value portions of trade pattern. In this respect Europe's specialization pattern appears to be different from that of the US and Japan, and may allow it to better resist the competitive pressure of the South.— Lionel Fontagné, Guillaume Gaulier and Soledad Zignago