Factoryless Goods Producing Firms
发现美国批发业中存在一类“无工厂商品生产企业”，它们不直接制造但设计商品并协调生产，比传统批发商规模更大、工资更高、进口更频繁，对理解全球价值链和企业边界有参考价值。
This paper documents the existence and characteristics of US firms that do not manufacture themselves, but nonetheless are heavily involved in the production of goods. These factoryless goods producing firms (FGPFs) are formally in the wholesale sector but, unlike traditional wholesale firms, FGPFs design the goods they sell and coordinate production activities. FGPFs in the wholesale sector are larger and younger, pay higher wages, span more sectors and had more manufacturing employment in previous years compared to traditional wholesalers. FGPFs are more likely to import than typical wholesalers, though their imports constitute a smaller share of their total domestic activity.