Ambiguity in the Small and in the Large
研究了满足单调性、伯努利性和局部Lipschitz连续性的偏好，不要求确定性独立或不确定性厌恶，发现Ghirardato等人提出的“无歧义偏好”关系中的先验集可表示为Clarke微分的并集，并引入“局部更好偏离”行为概念来刻画偏好表示的Clarke微分。
This paper considers local and global multiple-prior representations of ambiguity for preferences that are (i) monotonic, (ii) Bernoullian, that is, admit an affine utility representation when restricted to constant acts, and (iii) locally Lipschitz continuous. We do not require either certainty independence or uncertainty aversion. We show that the set of priors identified by Ghirardato, Maccheroni, and Marinacci's (2004) “unambiguous preference” relation can be characterized as a union of Clarke differentials. We then introduce a behavioral notion of “locally better deviation” at an act and show that it characterizes the Clarke differential of the preference representation at that act. These results suggest that the priors identified by these preference statements are directly related to (local) optimizing behavior.