Loyalty, Exit, and Enforcement: Evidence from a Kenya Dairy Cooperative
研究肯尼亚一家乳制品合作社试图通过威胁制裁来增加成员交货量，发现成员反应高度异质：部分成员持续增加交货，部分成员完全退出，且成员对制裁合法性的信念存在显著差异。
Organizations depend on members' “loyalty” for their success. Studying a cooperative's attempt to increase deliveries by members, we show that the threat of sanctions leads to highly heterogeneous response among members. Despite the cooperative not actually enforcing the threatened sanctions, positive effects for some members persist for several months. Other members “exit,” stopping delivering altogether. Among non-compliant members we document substantial heterogeneity in beliefs about the legitimacy of the sanctions. This lack of common understanding highlights the role played by managers in organizations and provides a candidate explanation for lack of sanctions enforcement documented by Ostrom (1990) and other studies.