Legitimacy beyond borders: I ndian software services firms in the U nited S tates, 1984 to 2004
研究了发展中国家跨国公司在美国市场面临的合法性挑战，通过分析印度软件公司20年的历程，揭示了五种核心合法性动态机制。
The emergence of developing country multinational companies (DMNCs) provides us an opportunity to redress the neglect of the process of cross‐border legitimation. We argue that DMNCs face three challenges to legitimation in developed country markets—liability of foreignness, liabilities of origin, and liability of advantage. By means of a qualitative inquiry into the cultural‐cognitive legitimation of Indian software services firms in the United States over the course of two decades, we identify five core legitimation dynamics that explain how DMNCs respond to the aforesaid challenges and acquire legitimacy in developed country markets. Our study suggests that global strategy is not merely about deploying competitive advantage, but is also about overcoming competitive disadvantage as reflected, say, in the absence of host country legitimacy.