Do Farmers Internalise Environmental Spillovers of Pesticides in Production?
研究了农药的环境溢出效应是否影响农民的生产环境，基于荷兰经济作物生产者的面板数据，发现农药对产出有直接正向影响，但通过破坏生产环境产生间接负向影响。
Abstract Pesticides are used in agriculture to protect crops from pests and diseases, with indiscriminate pesticide use having several adverse effects on the environment and human health. An important question is whether the environmental spillovers of pesticides also affect the farmers’ production environment. We use a model of optimal pesticide use that explicitly incorporates the symmetric and asymmetric effect of pesticides’ environmental spillovers on crop production. The application focuses on panel data from Dutch cash crop producers. We show that pesticides have a positive direct impact on output and a negative indirect impact through their effects on the production environment.