Nonparametric Welfare Analysis
综述了非参数方法在福利分析中的应用，重点介绍允许需求中存在一般异质性的研究，如Hausman & Newey (2016)的工作，对从事福利评估的经济学者有参考价值。
Exact consumer's surplus and deadweight loss are the most widely used welfare and economic efficiency measures. These measures can be computed from demand functions in straightforward ways. Nonparametric estimation can be used to estimate the welfare measures. In doing so, it seems important to account correctly for unobserved heterogeneity, given the high degree of unexplained demand variation often found in applications. This review surveys work on nonparametric welfare analysis, focusing on work that allows for general heterogeneity in demand, such as that of Hausman & Newey (2016) .