Is Hypothetical Bias a Universal Phenomenon? A Multinational Investigation
通过在中国、法国、美国印第安纳州、堪萨斯州和尼日尔进行真实与假设性投票对比实验，发现假设性偏差在不同地点存在显著差异，且尼日尔被试在假设情境下显著低估了支付意愿。
A concern with the contingent valuation method (CVM) is the finding that hypothetical and real statements of value often differ. We test whether hypothetical bias, broadly defined, is independent of location by comparing real and hypothetical votes on a dichotomous choice referendum in China, France, Indiana, Kansas, and Niger. We find significant differences in hypothetical bias across locations and reject the hypothesis that hypothetical bias is independent of location. As opposed to the typical finding reported in the literature, subjects in Niger significantly understated their willingness-to-pay in the hypothetical referendum. <i></i>