Did the Americanization Movement Succeed? An Evaluation of the Effect of English-Only and Compulsory Schooling Laws on Immigrants
研究了1910-1930年美国化时期，英语唯一教学法和义务教育法对移民儿童入学、识字和英语流利度的影响，发现英语唯一法对城市或父母英语不流利的儿童识字有适度提升，但未改善长期劳动市场或社会融合，只有童工法有显著效果。
We provide the first estimates of the effect of statutes requiring English as the language of instruction and compulsory schooling laws on the school enrollment, work, literacy, and English fluency of immigrant children during the Americanization period (1910–1930). English-only statutes moderately increased the literacy of certain foreign-born children, particularly those living in cities or whose parents were not fluent in English. However, these laws had no impact on immigrants' eventual labor market outcomes or measures of social integration (from 1940 census and WWII enlistment records). Only laws regulating the age when children could work significantly affected immigrant outcomes.