‘Bread and a pennyworth of treacle’: excess female mortality in England in the 1840s
分析了19世纪英格兰女性超额死亡率，发现经济环境、食物分配不均、劳动条件恶劣及母职家务负担是导致女性死亡率较高的原因。
The author analyzes excess female mortality in nineteenth-century England. She concludes that such mortality was affected by the economic environment and that "much literary evidence points to unequal access to food and a resulting susceptibility to epidemic and respiratory diseases as the transmission mechanism converting dependence and discrimination into relatively high death rates." Women were also adversely affected by harsh labor conditions, in addition to the heavy duties involved in motherhood and housework.