Ex‐ante Evaluation of Policy Measures: Effects of Reward and Punishment for Fertiliser Reduction in Palm Oil Production
通过印度尼西亚的实地实验，模拟棕榈油生产中的化肥使用决策，比较不同奖励和惩罚机制在减少负外部性方面的效果，发现高额低概率奖励最有效且可持续。
Abstract Palm oil production creates negative externalities, e.g. through intensive fertiliser application. Policies to limit externalities need an effective, sustainable and efficient measure We use a business simulation game in a framed field experiment in Indonesia to test ex‐ante different incentives for reducing such negative externalities. This setting allows inclusion of adequate contextual features, required for reasonable ex‐ante evaluation of policy measures. The different designs of the test incentives (either a reward or punishment) varied in their magnitude and probability of occurrence but with constant effects on expected income. Results show that participants react differently to these incentives, indicating that the design can contribute significantly to effectiveness, sustainability or efficiency. A high reward with a low probability was found to be the most effective and sustainable incentive. Moreover, for the most efficient design, a low and certain reward is indicated.