Distribution of Environmental Costs and Benefits, Additional Distortions, and the Porter Hypothesis
通过四个例子说明，当环境成本或收益分布不均，或存在其他市场失灵时，环境规制可能使企业受益，但这一结果不一定源于创新，难以与波特假说区分。
The Porter Hypothesis argues that environmental regulations benefit firms by fostering innovation. We discuss four examples consistent with this idea, highlighting either the distribution of benefits or costs, or the presence of some additional distortion, other than pollution. Examples are organized according to the list of market failures. Adding any one market failure creates the possibility that firms benefit from regulations. While each example can be fully consistent with the Porter Hypothesis, it is also possible that regulations benefit firms even without fostering innovation, a result that would be empirically difficult to distinguish from the Porter Hypothesis. <i></i>