Do Education and Income Really Explain Inequalities in Health? Applying a Twin Design
使用双胞胎设计，发现教育和收入对健康的影响被普通最小二乘法高估，家庭背景和遗传因素才是健康不平等的主要解释。
Abstract We apply a twin design to examine the relationship between health and education and income. The estimated associations between health and education and income, controlling for unobserved endowments, at the twin‐pair level, are lower than estimates obtained via ordinary least‐squares (OLS) on the same sample. Thus, OLS‐based effects of education and income are biased, exaggerating the contribution of education and income to health inequality. The main part of health inequality is explained by within‐twin‐pair fixed effects, incorporating family background and genetic inheritance. It appears that education and income policies have less to offer for reducing health inequality than is usually assumed.