You Need to Recognise Ambiguity to Avoid It
通过Ellsberg双瓮问题实验，发现理解能力高的被试表现出典型的模糊厌恶，而理解能力低的被试则随机选择；在理解能力高的被试中，'模糊思维'比所有人口统计特征更能解释模糊态度的差异。
After screening for attentiveness and comprehension, we present subjects with Ellsberg's (1961) two‐urn problem using essentially equivalent but representationally complex matrices. High‐comprehension subjects exhibit rates of ambiguity aversion typical of the standard two‐urn problem, while low‐comprehension subjects appear to randomise. In screening, we classify subjects as 'probability‐minded' or 'ambiguity‐minded', depending on whether they assign probabilities to draws from a card deck of unknown composition. Among high‐comprehension subjects, 'mindedness' explains twenty times more variation in ambiguity attitudes than all other demographic characteristics combined. Compared with their 'probability‐minded' counterparts, 'ambiguity‐minded' subjects are younger and more educated, analytic, and reflective about their choices.