Patronage Politics and the Development of the Welfare State: Confederate Pensions in the American South
研究了1880年代至1920年代美国南方各州向邦联退伍军人及遗孀发放养老金的政治动机，发现这些项目在民主党州长候选人面临选举威胁时获得更多资金，且资金流向支持率下降的县。
Beginning in the 1880s, southern states introduced pensions for Confederate veterans and widows. They expanded these programs through the 1920s, while states outside the region were introducing cash transfer programs for workers, poor mothers, and the elderly. Using pension application records and county-level electoral data, we argue that political considerations guided the distribution of these pensions. We show that Confederate pension programs were funded during years in which Democratic gubernatorial candidates were threatened at the ballot box. Moreover, we show that pensions were disbursed to counties in which these candidates had lost ground to candidates from alternative parties.