Trade and Market Thickness: Effects on Organizations
综述了全球化如何通过增加市场参与者数量（市场厚度）影响企业组织，包括缓解敲竹杠问题、减少纵向一体化、促进非正式合同，但也可能削弱长期关系并扭曲投资。
Globalization, by raising the number of buyers available to each seller and the number of sellers available to each buyer, raises the thickness, or the effective number of participants, of every market. Market thickness can have subtle effects on incentives and organizations, alleviating hold-up problems, resulting in less vertical integration, more informal contracting, and more cooperative and innovative relationships with subcontractors. However, it can also weaken long-run relationships, distorting relationship-specific investments and risk-sharing. This paper surveys the theory and empirical evidence, indicating when market thickness helps and when it hurts.