Competing Against Experienced and Inexperienced Players
通过两个类似选美比赛的实验，研究了参与者如何根据对手的经验水平调整行为，发现新手行为不受对手经验影响，但有经验者会迅速调整策略，导致新玩家进入时行为偏离均衡，且经验丰富者收益更高。
Abstract In certain markets success may depend on how well participants anticipate the behavior of other participants who have varying amounts of experience. Understanding if and how people's behavior depends on competitors’ level of experience is important since in most markets participants have varying amounts of experience. Examining data from two new experimental studies similar to the beauty contest game first studied by Nagel (1995), the results indicate that (1) players with no experience behave the same against competitors with and without experience but (2) players quickly learn to condition their behavior on competitors’ experience level, causing (3) behavior to stop moving toward the equilibrium whenever new players enter the game and (4) experienced players to earn more money than less experienced players. The paper discusses the implications of the results for understanding and modeling behavior in markets in which participants have different amounts of experience.