Efficiency wages, involuntary unemployment and urban spatial structure
在城市空间背景下构建劳动力市场模型，发现效率工资政策导致非自愿失业，通勤成本差异和土地竞争加剧失业并造成空间隔离，两城市系统中即使劳动力自由流动，不同生产率城市间仍存在工资和失业差异。
A labor market model is developed within an urban spatial context, where it is shown that efficiency-wage policies can lead to significant levels of involuntary unemployment. Commuting cost differences between workers and nonworkers tend to increase unemployment, and competition for land tends to segregate workers and nonworkers, with nonworkers relegated to the urban fringe. These findings are extended to a two-city system, where it is shown that even with free mobility of workers, significant wage and unemployment differentials can exist between cities characterized by different levels of productivity.