Alternative Explanations of Interorganizational Cooperation: the Case of Joint Programmes and Joint Ventures in Sweden
研究了组织间合作的两种解释：一种将合作视为管理现有环境依赖的手段，另一种视为获取资源以建立新依赖的方式，并探讨了两种解释的适用条件。
Two alternative explanations of interorganizational cooperation are analysed. One is based on an open-systems approach (an outside-in explanation) where cooperation is viewed as a means to manage existing interdependencies with the environment. The other is an inside-out perspective, interpreting cooperation as a means to acquire resources that are necessary in order to establish new interdependencies. The two approaches imply different predictions as to the choice of partners and the type of resources pooled by the partners. This study attempts to reconcile the two explanations, and argues that they are contingent upon the strategic role of cooperation, as expressed by the significant actors of the cooperating organizations.