Caste as an Impediment to Trade
研究比较印度农村中低种姓与高种姓主导的村庄，发现低种姓家庭在低种姓主导的村庄收入更高，原因是灌溉水贸易在跨种姓群体间受阻。
We compare outcomes across two types of villages in rural India. Villages vary by which caste is dominant (owns the majority of land): either a low or high caste. The key finding is that income is substantially higher for low-caste households residing in villages dominated by a low caste. This seems to be due to a trade breakdown in irrigation water across caste groups. All else equal, lower caste water buyers have agricultural yields which are 45 percent higher if they reside in a village where water sellers are of the same caste compared to one where they are not.