English and Scottish overseas trade, 1300–16001
本文比较了1300-1600年间英格兰和苏格兰的出口数据，发现两国羊毛贸易几乎以相同速度崩溃，但英格兰转向呢绒出口，而苏格兰因呢绒质量差和城市工业形态薄弱未能成功转型；16世纪下半叶，苏格兰通过货币大幅贬值推动贸易复苏。
This article compares English and Scottish exports, from 1300–1600, using existing statistical data from England and a new data set of Scottish exports. It shows that the significant English and Scottish wool trades collapsed at almost identical rates. However, while England shifted towards exporting woollen cloth, a similar move in Scotland was weak—because of the poor quality of cloth and the urban form of the industry. In the second half of the sixteenth century, as English exports stagnated, Scottish trade began to grow, especially new and less‐established commodities. This ‘recovery’ was based on the heavy depreciation of the Scottish currency.