On the utility of procedural rules: conditions of the use of rules in the production of operation sequences
通过实验研究人们在复制数字时如何混合使用记忆和层级规则，发现无意识的规则应用能减轻工作记忆负担，且规则使用取决于成本效益比。
Abstract Through a series of experiments we sought to find the conditions of identification and application of a four-level system of hierarchic rules. These rules were used to organize patterns of digits, which were copied (by our 49 subjects) from a visual display on to paper. We varied instructions in the rule system, tasks (rule application vs transfer by heart), load on the working memory, and number of repetitions of the digit transfer task. The procedure applied by the subjects was a mixture of memorization of grouped digits and rule application. The mixture depended on the ratio of costs and benefits of rule application. We found an efficient unconscious rule application existed, relieving working memory. The most extensive rule application was found with a combination of instruction on the rules and transfer by memorization. The applied model of rule hierarchy and its acquisition was determined by behavioral economy. The unconscious rule application could be systematically promoted.