Expansion for pollution reduction? Environmental adaptation of a Swedish and a Canadian metal smelter, 1960–2005
研究了瑞典一家金属冶炼厂的环境适应历史，并与加拿大案例对比，发现瑞典通过排除利益相关者、聚焦工厂排放并以经济可行成本规定减排，实现了“扩张减排”策略，支持了波特假说。
We examine the historical developments of the environmental adaptation process at one Swedish metal smelting firm, contrasting the result with cases in Canada. The findings suggest that the Swedish system in excluding stakeholders, focusing on plant emissions and stipulating pollution reduction at economically feasible costs mitigated risk which resulted in long-term contracts in a cooperative framework in which engineers were given a high degree of discretion. This enabled an 'expansion-for-emission-reduction' strategy which is consistent with the so-called Porter and van der Linde hypothesis. Moreover, the findings suggest that environmental management systems should be considered in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) research.