From `Learning Organization' to `Adaptive Organization'
指出当前关于组织学习的讨论因混淆学习与适应而缺乏焦点，通过一个简单的控制论模型（有限功能机器）阐明适应性系统的定义属性，并展示其与多位关键作者观点的一致性，为理解“学习型组织”提供更清晰的视角。
It is argued that much contemporary discussion about organizational learning is unfocused and unproductive because it fails to distinguish between learning and adaptation, the latter being the chief characteristic of any learning organization. A simple cybernetic model, the finite function machine, is examined in order to outline the defining properties of an adaptive system, and shown to be consistent with assertions made by several key authors while offering greater clarity about our concept of the `learning organization'. Its fractal properties are outlined.