The Upside of the Downside
探讨管理教育中学习小组的防御性动态，指出处理这些动态的方式会影响学习效果，并强调识别、理解并采取适当策略的重要性。
In this paper we suggest that it is important in management education to work with the defensive dynamics in learning groups. Through a consideration of the dynamics within complex systems, we argue that the ways in which these defensive dynamics are worked with may determine the levels of learning attained. This work requires a recognition that defensive dynamics within groups can limit learning, an awareness of the nature of such dynamics, and skill in adopting appropriate strategies in relation to them. Both staff and learners can contribute to this work.