The Determinants of Tariff and Nontariff Trade Restrictions in the United States
利用1970年贸易数据，建立并检验了一个模型，分析美国各行业关税与非关税壁垒的决定因素，发现非关税壁垒补充了关税保护，且两者都偏向美国有比较劣势的行业，避开消费者福利损失大的行业。
This paper develops and tests a simple model for the determination of tariff and nontariff barriers to trade across industries within the United States, using 1970 trade data. We find that nontariff trade restrictions have supplemented tariff protection in the United States. Both tariff and nontariff trade restrictions are biased toward industries in which the United States has an apparent comparative disadvantage in world trade and away from industries in which consumer welfare losses from protection would be great. We also find substantial evidence that tariff and nontariff trade restrictions predominate in industries with very different market characteristics.